1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Combining these two types of catalysis can leverage the advantages of both systems. For example, homogeneous catalysts offer high selectivity, while heterogeneous catalysts are easily separable from the reaction mixture.
2. Biocatalysis and Chemical Catalysis: Integration of enzymatic and chemical catalysts can provide unique reaction pathways and improve the overall efficiency of the process. Enzymes can offer high specificity and operate under mild conditions, while chemical catalysts can facilitate reactions that are challenging for enzymes.
3. Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis: These approaches use light and electrical energy, respectively, to drive chemical reactions. Integrating photocatalysis and electrocatalysis can enhance the efficiency of energy conversion processes, such as water splitting and CO2 reduction.
