aging process

What Are the Methods to Characterize Catalyst Aging?

Understanding the extent of catalyst aging requires various characterization techniques:
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD): This method helps identify changes in the crystalline structure of the catalyst.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): SEM provides detailed images of the catalyst surface, revealing morphological changes.
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): TPD can measure the amount and strength of adsorbed species on the catalyst surface.
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR helps identify chemical species and functional groups present on the catalyst surface.

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