Detecting chemical contamination in catalytic systems involves several analytical techniques:
Spectroscopy: Techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) can identify and quantify contaminants on catalyst surfaces. Microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can visualize the presence of contaminants and their distribution on catalyst particles. Chromatography: Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) can separate and analyze contaminants in reaction mixtures. Mass spectrometry: This technique can determine the molecular composition of contaminants and their concentrations.
