The key components of an exhaust system include: - Exhaust manifold: Collects exhaust gases from the engine cylinders. - Oxygen sensors: Monitor the level of oxygen in the exhaust gases to optimize the air-fuel mixture. - Catalytic converter: Converts toxic pollutants into less harmful substances. - Resonator: Reduces noise from the exhaust gases. - Muffler: Further reduces noise and controls the flow of exhaust gases. - Tailpipe: Releases the treated exhaust gases into the atmosphere.