The most commonly used catalysts in Suzuki reactions are palladium-based, such as Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd(OAc)2. These catalysts are often paired with phosphine ligands to enhance their reactivity and stability. The choice of base is also critical, with options including potassium carbonate (K2CO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and cesium fluoride (CsF). Boronic acids or boronate esters serve as the organoboron reagents, offering versatility in the formation of various biaryl structures.
