Catalysts can be broadly categorized into two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
Homogeneous Catalysts Homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants, typically in a liquid phase. These catalysts offer excellent selectivity and activity but can be challenging to separate from the reaction mixture. Examples include acid catalysts in esterification reactions and metal complexes in hydroformylation.
Heterogeneous Catalysts Heterogeneous catalysts exist in a different phase than the reactants, often as solids in contact with liquid or gas reactants. These catalysts are easier to separate from the reaction mixture and are widely used in industrial processes. Common examples are solid acid catalysts in cracking and metal catalysts in hydrogenation.
