Catalyst Development: The research and development of new catalysts can be expensive due to the need for specialized equipment and expertise. Material Costs: The cost of raw materials for catalyst synthesis, especially for precious metals, can be significant. Operating Costs: This includes the expenses related to the operation of catalytic processes, such as energy consumption and maintenance. Regeneration and Recycling: The cost of regenerating spent catalysts or recycling them to maintain their activity over multiple cycles.
