Several common reactor geometries are used in catalysis, each with its own advantages and applications:
Fixed-Bed Reactors In fixed-bed reactors, the catalyst is held stationary in a packed bed. Reactants flow through the bed, where they interact with the catalyst. This type is suitable for reactions requiring high pressure and temperature stability.
Fluidized-Bed Reactors Fluidized-bed reactors involve a catalyst bed that is fluidized by the upward flow of gas or liquid reactants. This design provides excellent heat and mass transfer, making it ideal for reactions with strong exothermic or endothermic characteristics.
Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTR) In CSTRs, the reactants are continuously stirred to ensure uniform composition throughout the reactor. This geometry is useful for liquid-phase reactions and allows for easy control of reaction time and temperature.
Trickle-Bed Reactors Trickle-bed reactors are used for gas-liquid-solid reactions, where the liquid trickles over a packed catalyst bed while the gas phase flows through it. This setup is common in hydroprocessing applications.
