1. Homogeneous Catalysis: Here, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants, often leading to uniform catalytic conditions. Factors like solvent and temperature are easily controlled, making it easier to study and optimize the reaction. 2. Heterogeneous Catalysis: The catalyst exists in a different phase (usually solid) than the reactants. Parameters like surface area, pressure, and temperature are crucial, as the reactions occur at the interface. 3. Enzyme Catalysis: This involves biological catalysts (enzymes) that are highly specific. Conditions like pH, temperature, and the presence of cofactors are critical for activity and stability. 4. Photocatalysis: This involves light as an energy source to activate the catalyst. Parameters such as light intensity, wavelength, and the presence of a photosensitizer are essential.
