Several separation techniques are employed in catalysis, including:
1. Filtration: Used for solid catalysts in liquid or gas phases. 2. Centrifugation: Effective for separating suspended solid catalysts. 3. Distillation: Suitable for volatile catalysts or products. 4. Membrane Separation: Utilizes selective permeability to separate catalysts from the reaction mixture. 5. Magnetic Separation: Involves magnetic catalysts that can be easily removed using a magnetic field.
