What are the challenges in in situ and operando studies?
In situ and operando studies aim to monitor catalytic processes under actual reaction conditions. The major challenge here is the compatibility of instruments with the harsh conditions (e.g., high temperature, pressure, and reactive environments) typical of catalytic reactions. For instance, while in situ Raman spectroscopy can provide real-time insights into reaction intermediates and mechanisms, the high temperatures and pressures can deteriorate the optical components. Similarly, operando XAS requires synchrotron radiation, which can be time-consuming and costly to access. These challenges often necessitate the development of specialized equipment and methodologies.
