What Are Some Techniques to Characterize Catalyst Structure?
Several analytical techniques are used to characterize the structure of catalysts. These include: - X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystallographic structure. - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to visualize the morphology at the nanoscale. - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis to measure surface area. - Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify functional groups. - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the local environment of atoms within the catalyst.