Several alternative materials have gained attention in catalysis research:
1. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): These are porous materials composed of metal ions coordinated to organic ligands. MOFs offer high surface area and tunability, making them excellent candidates for gas adsorption and catalytic applications.
2. Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides: Known for their hardness and stability, these materials can mimic the catalytic behavior of precious metals in reactions such as hydrogenation and ammonia synthesis.
3. Perovskite Oxides: These materials exhibit unique electronic and ionic conductivities, making them suitable for applications in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.
4. Carbon-Based Catalysts: Including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and activated carbon, these materials offer high conductivity, large surface area, and chemical stability, making them versatile catalysts.
