Yield is typically measured by comparing the actual amount of product obtained to the theoretical amount that could be produced. This can be expressed using the formula: Yield (%) = (Actual Amount of Product / Theoretical Amount of Product) × 100 Analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) are often used to quantify the products and determine the yield.
