Redox stability can be assessed using various techniques:
1. Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR): This method measures the reduction behavior of a catalyst as it is exposed to a reducing atmosphere, providing insights into its redox properties. 2. Temperature-Programmed Oxidation (TPO): Complementary to TPR, TPO measures the oxidation behavior of a catalyst under an oxidizing atmosphere. 3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS can analyze the surface composition and oxidation states of the elements in the catalyst, giving detailed information on its redox stability. 4. In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): This technique allows for the observation of structural changes in the catalyst at the atomic level under redox conditions.
