Various techniques are employed to measure and characterize the crystallinity of materials:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique provides information on the crystal structure, phase composition, and degree of crystallinity. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): TEM offers high-resolution images that can reveal the atomic arrangement and defects in crystalline materials. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR can be used to identify specific functional groups and their interactions within the crystalline lattice.
