Several techniques are employed to study the transient phase:
1. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: Techniques such as UV-Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy can monitor changes in reactant and product concentrations over time. 2. In Situ and Operando Techniques: These methods allow real-time observation of the catalyst under actual reaction conditions. 3. Mathematical Modeling: Kinetic modeling and simulations can predict transient behavior and help interpret experimental data.
