Several techniques can be used to detect the loss of active sites:
Surface Characterization: Techniques such as BET surface area analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can provide insights into changes in surface area and morphology. Chemisorption Studies: Measuring the amount of gas that a catalyst can adsorb can indicate the availability of active sites. Temperature-Programmed Techniques: Methods like temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) can help identify changes in the chemical nature of active sites. Spectroscopic Analysis: Techniques such as FTIR, XPS, and NMR can provide information about the chemical environment and state of the active sites.
