Characterization of the catalytic region involves several analytical techniques. Surface area and pore size distribution can be measured using techniques like nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide information on the catalyst's structure and morphology. Additionally, spectroscopic methods such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can help identify the nature of the active sites.
