There are several methods to achieve smoothing in catalysis:
Thermal Treatment: Controlled heating can help to anneal the catalyst surface, reducing roughness and eliminating defects. Chemical Treatment: Using chemicals to remove impurities and smoothen the surface. This can include acid or base washing techniques. Mechanical Polishing: Physical methods like grinding or polishing can be used to smoothen the surface. Deposition Techniques: Methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD) can create thin, smooth films over the catalyst surface.
