Several techniques are employed to achieve precise dosing in catalysis:
1. Automated Systems: These systems use pumps and sensors to deliver exact amounts of catalysts and reactants. They are often controlled by software that can adjust the dosing in real-time based on feedback from the reaction environment.
2. Microfluidics: This involves using micro-scale channels to precisely control the flow of reactants and catalysts. Microfluidic devices can achieve very high levels of accuracy and are particularly useful in research and development settings.
3. Manual Techniques: While less common in industrial settings, manual dosing with high-precision syringes or pipettes is still used in laboratory environments for small-scale reactions.