mTOR activity is tightly regulated by various upstream signals, including growth factors, nutrients, energy status, and stress. Key regulators include the PI3K/Akt pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/2). These regulators either activate or inhibit mTORC1 and mTORC2 based on cellular conditions, ensuring precise control over cell growth and metabolism.
