High surface area can be achieved through various methods, including the use of porous materials, nanoparticles, and specific synthesis techniques. Porous materials such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and mesoporous silicas are often utilized due to their high surface-to-volume ratios. Additionally, nanoparticles are employed because their small size inherently provides a large surface area relative to their volume. Advanced synthesis techniques such as templating and sol-gel processes are also used to create materials with high surface areas.
