Several strategies are employed to achieve high purity:
1. Purification of Raw Materials: Ensuring that the reactants used are of high purity is the first step. This can involve multiple purification steps such as distillation, crystallization, or chromatography. 2. Catalyst Preparation: The synthesis of the catalyst must be carefully controlled to avoid contamination. Techniques such as sol-gel methods, impregnation, and co-precipitation can be optimized for high purity. 3. Analytical Techniques: Techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) are used to verify the purity of catalysts and reactants. 4. Environmental Control: Conducting reactions in a controlled environment, such as a cleanroom or under inert atmosphere, can prevent the introduction of impurities.
