Several techniques can be used to measure charge density on catalysts, including:
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): This technique measures the binding energy of electrons, providing information about the electronic environment and charge distribution. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): STM provides atomic-scale images of the catalyst surface, allowing for the visualization of charge distribution. Density Functional Theory (DFT): DFT calculations can predict charge density distribution based on the electronic structure of the catalyst.
