Charge compensation can be achieved through various mechanisms:
Ionic Substitution: In solid-state catalysts, substituting one ion with another of a different charge can help balance the overall charge. Adsorption of Charge-Balancing Species: Small molecules or ions from the reaction medium can adsorb onto the catalyst surface to neutralize excess charge. Electron Delocalization: In some systems, electrons can delocalize over a large area, thereby reducing localized charge buildup. Redox Reactions: Oxidation and reduction reactions can transfer electrons, thus compensating for charge imbalances.
