understanding deactivation

How Is Catalyst Deactivation Diagnosed?

Diagnosing catalyst deactivation involves a combination of techniques to identify the cause and extent of deactivation. Common diagnostic methods include:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to detect changes in the crystalline structure of the catalyst.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of the catalyst surface to identify fouling or sintering.
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Measures the amount of gas desorbed from the catalyst to assess surface coverage by poisons or fouling materials.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Used to identify the presence of specific chemical groups on the catalyst surface.

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