Ultrasound enhances catalytic reactions through several mechanisms: 1. Cavitation: The formation and collapse of bubbles generate localized high temperatures and pressures, creating a highly reactive environment. 2. Increased Surface Area: Ultrasonic waves break down agglomerates, increasing the surface area of the catalyst. 3. Mass Transfer: The mechanical effects of ultrasound improve the mixing and mass transfer of reactants, intermediates, and products to and from the catalyst surface.
