Hydrolysis and Condensation: Precursors, often metal alkoxides, undergo hydrolysis and condensation reactions to form a colloidal suspension or sol. Gelation: The sol evolves into a gel-like network containing both a liquid and a solid phase. Drying and Aging: The gel is dried to remove the liquid phase, often followed by aging to enhance the material properties. Thermal Treatment: Finally, the gel can be subjected to heat treatment to improve its mechanical strength and crystallinity.
