Enzymes, which are biological catalysts, have optimal pH ranges in which they function most effectively. Deviations from this optimal pH can lead to denaturation of the enzyme, loss of active sites, or changes in the charge properties of the substrate and enzyme, reducing the catalytic activity. For example, the enzyme pepsin works best in highly acidic conditions (pH 1.5-2), while trypsin operates optimally in slightly alkaline conditions (pH 7.5-8.5).
