In covalent catalysis, the catalyst must possess a functional group that can form a covalent bond with the substrate. Common functional groups include amino, hydroxyl, and sulfhydryl groups. The reaction typically involves the following steps: 1. The catalyst forms a covalent bond with the substrate, creating an intermediate. 2. The intermediate undergoes transformation, facilitating the reaction. 3. The product is released, and the catalyst is regenerated.
