A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. In the context of pollutant conversion, catalysts typically facilitate the breakdown of harmful compounds into less harmful or inert substances. For example, in catalytic converters used in vehicles, catalysts like platinum, palladium, and rhodium accelerate the conversion of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and water (H2O).
