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How Do You Characterize the Prepared Catalysts?

Characterization of the prepared catalysts is essential to understand their properties and performance. Common characterization techniques include:
X-ray diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystallographic structure and phase composition.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Provides information on the surface morphology and particle size.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images of the catalyst's internal structure.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis: Measures the surface area and porosity of the catalyst.
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR): Used to identify functional groups and chemical bonds.
Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR): Assesses the reducibility of the catalyst.

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