High-energy X-rays from the APS can penetrate deep into materials, enabling researchers to study the internal structure of catalysts without damaging them. Techniques such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are commonly used to gain insights into the electronic structure, molecular geometry, and oxidation states of the elements involved in catalytic processes.
