Temperature Fluctuations: Varying temperature can alter reaction rates and equilibrium positions, potentially leading to different selectivity and yield. Pressure Changes: Modulating pressure can influence the adsorption and desorption steps of the catalytic cycle, thus affecting overall efficiency. Concentration Variations: Fluctuations in reactant or product concentrations can shift the reaction pathway and alter the catalyst's life cycle. External Fields: Application of electric or magnetic fields can change the activation energy of reactions, enabling novel reaction pathways.
