Catalysts lower activation energy through various mechanisms: - Adsorption: Reactants are adsorbed onto the surface of a solid catalyst, bringing them into close proximity and weakening specific bonds, making them easier to break. - Formation of Intermediates: Catalysts can form transient intermediate species that require less energy to convert into the final product. - Stabilization of Transition State: Catalysts can stabilize the transition state of the reaction, reducing the energy required to reach it.
