Catalysts can be incorporated into the RO membranes to improve their selectivity and permeability. For example, the use of nanoparticles like titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) can impart antimicrobial properties to the membranes, reducing biofouling and extending their lifespan. Moreover, catalytic coatings can enhance the degradation of organic contaminants directly on the membrane surface, thus maintaining higher water quality.
