There are several approaches to achieving enhanced visibility in catalysis:
1. Spectroscopic Techniques: Techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are widely used to study the surface properties and active sites of catalysts.
2. Microscopy Methods: High-resolution imaging techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide detailed visualization of catalyst morphology and structure at the nanoscale.
3. Computational Modelling: Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations help in understanding the electronic structure and reaction pathways of catalytic systems.
4. In-Situ and Operando Techniques: These methods allow for the observation of catalytic processes under actual reaction conditions, providing real-time data on catalyst behavior and reaction intermediates.
