Thermal vibrations are studied using various techniques:
Spectroscopy: Techniques such as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy can provide information on vibrational modes of molecules adsorbed on catalyst surfaces. Molecular Dynamics Simulations: These simulations help model the dynamic behavior of atoms and molecules, providing insights into how thermal vibrations affect catalytic processes. Neutron Scattering: This technique is particularly useful for studying the thermal vibrations in solid catalysts at the atomic level.
