Surface reaction mechanisms are studied using various techniques: - Spectroscopy: Techniques like Infrared (IR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) provide information on the adsorbed species. - Microscopy: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) reveal surface structures. - Kinetic Studies: Measuring reaction rates under different conditions helps identify rate-limiting steps.