Several techniques are used to characterize solid catalysts, including:
1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystal structure and phase composition. 2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of the catalyst's surface morphology. 3. BET Surface Area Analysis: Measures the surface area, which is crucial for catalytic activity. 4. Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Used to study the adsorption properties of the catalyst.
