Several techniques are used to measure the redox properties of catalysts:
Cyclic Voltammetry: This electrochemical technique measures the current response as the potential is swept, providing information about redox states. Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR): This technique measures the amount of reducing gas consumed as the temperature is increased, giving insights into the redox behavior. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS can provide detailed information about the oxidation states of elements on the catalyst surface.
