Characterizing metal sites is essential for understanding their role in catalysis. Several techniques are employed for this purpose:
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS): Provides information about the oxidation state, coordination environment, and electronic structure of metal sites. - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images to visualize the morphology and dispersion of metal sites. - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the surface composition and chemical states of metal sites. - Infrared spectroscopy (IR): Used to study the interaction of metal sites with reactants and intermediates.
