Lattice constants can be measured using various techniques, including:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This is the most common method, which involves analyzing the diffraction pattern of X-rays passing through the crystal. Neutron Diffraction: Similar to XRD but uses neutrons, providing better contrast for light elements. Electron Diffraction: Utilizes electron beams and is particularly useful for thin films and nanoparticles.
