Detecting intermediates often requires advanced analytical techniques due to their transient nature. Some common methods include:
Spectroscopy: Techniques like UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and EPR spectroscopy can provide information about the presence and structure of intermediates. Mass Spectrometry: This technique can detect and identify intermediates based on their mass-to-charge ratio. X-ray Diffraction: Useful for studying the structure of intermediates in solid-state catalysis. Computational Methods: Theoretical calculations and simulations can predict the existence and properties of intermediates.
