There are several methods to introduce dopants into catalysts:
1. Impregnation: The catalyst material is soaked in a solution containing the dopant, followed by drying and calcination to incorporate the dopant into the catalyst matrix. 2. Co-precipitation: Both the catalyst precursor and the dopant are precipitated together from a solution, ensuring a uniform distribution of the dopant. 3. Ion Exchange: This method involves exchanging the ions in the catalyst with those of the dopant, a technique commonly used for zeolites. 4. Physical Mixing: The catalyst and dopant are physically mixed and then subjected to high temperatures to achieve the desired modification.
