Identifying counterfeit catalysts involves a combination of analytical techniques and process monitoring. Common methods include:
Spectroscopy: Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can reveal the crystal structure and elemental composition of the catalyst. Microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide detailed images of the catalyst's morphology and structure. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): This technique measures changes in the catalyst's weight in response to temperature changes, helping to identify thermal stability and composition. Performance Testing: Evaluating the catalyst's activity in a controlled reaction environment can reveal discrepancies in performance compared to genuine catalysts.
