Several methodologies are employed to analyze complex networks in catalysis: 1. Computational Modeling: Techniques such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations allow for the prediction of reaction pathways and energy profiles. 2. Experimental Techniques: Methods like spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry provide data on the composition and dynamics of catalytic systems. 3. Network Theory: Concepts from network theory, including nodes (species) and edges (reactions), help in visualizing and analyzing the interconnections within the catalytic system.