Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. [Platinum-based catalysts]() are commonly used in [proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)]() for both the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at the anode and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode. [Non-platinum catalysts](), such as iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe-N-C) catalysts, are being explored to reduce costs.
