The identification of active ingredients involves a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques. Common methods include:
Spectroscopic Techniques: Methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) are used to analyze the electronic and structural characteristics of active sites. Microscopy: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) helps visualize the atomic structure and dispersion of active ingredients on the catalyst surface. Computational Modeling: Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide insights into the electronic properties and reaction mechanisms involving active sites.
